Архив внутренней доски объявлений, часть 10 (27)

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Приятного вам чтения!

P.S.: с любыми пожеланиями, предложениями, отзывами можно обращаться в e-mail admeister@mail.ru.

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Фильмы, которых нет на ДВД Среди десятков тысяч выпущенных в последние годы ДВД загадочным образом отсутствуют некоторые очень важные (для меня по крайней мере) фильмы. Перечислю их здесь ни в каком не в порядке, а просто как вспоминаются (большинство я видел, но есть и постоянно ускользающие). Список будет обновляться по мере того как. Так что, если я что-то упустил, то буду благодарен за напоминания.


"Алчность" (Greed) Эриха фон Штрохайма (у этого шедевра немого кино вообще какая-то ужасная судьба: мало того, что варвар-продюсер Ирвинг Тальберг сократил картину с 9 часов до 2 1/2 и при этом уничтожил весь вырезанный материал);

"El sur" Виктора Эрисе (этот фильм у меня занимает первое место в списке того, что я не видел, но мечтаю посмотреть) - ЕСТЬ ИСПАНСКИЙ, НО ОН БЕЗ ТИТРОВ (ДАЖЕ АНГЛИЙСКИХ), ТО ЕСТЬ МНЕ, НЕУЧУ, НЕ ГОДИТСЯ;

"Анна Карамазофф" Рустама Хамдамова (ещё одна жертва продюсера - мерзавец Серж Сильберман устроил только один показ на Каннском фестивале, а потом запер плёнку в сейфе, на экраны этот один из самых значительных фильмов ХХ века так и не вышел; я, правда, видел жуткую копию на VHS - на Брайтоне, как известно, всё есть:);

"Husbands" ("Мужья") и "Love Streams" ("Потоки любви") Джона Кассаветиса - отсутствие этих двух картин на ДВД вообще ничем, кроме возможного конфликта правообладателей, не объяснимо - НАШЁЛ ОБА;

"Белая птица с чёрной отметиной" Юрия Ильенко (незаслуженно забытый шедевр поэтического кино);

"Звенигора" Александра Довженко, как, впрочем, и остальные его фильмы, кроме "Земли" и "Арсенала", которые есть на ДВД;

"The Last Movie" ("Последнее кино") Денниса Хоппера;

"Подполье" Эмира Кустурицы (полный вариант, а не порезанное трёхчасовое безобразие);

"Ошибки юности" и "Дневник директора школы" Бориса Фрумина (кстати, и сделанные им в США первые фильмы очень даже интересные, но до уровня этих двух он, ИМХО, так уже и не поднялся);

"La dentelli

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Мифы современного Израиля Газета "Гаарец" напечатала подрывную статью об израильском историке, профессоре Тель-Авивского университета Шломо Санде, который опубликовал недавно книгу под названием "Когда и как был придуман еврейский народ?". В ней он доказывает, что современные евреи не имеют ничего общего с теми жителями Иудеи времён Первого и Второго Храма, о которых повествует Ветхий Завет, а являются потомками различных племён и народов (от берберов до хазар), на разных этапах своей истории принявших иудаизм. Ничего принципиально нового в этой теории нет; просто занятно, что теперь и израильские учёные начинают склоняться к взглядам, которые ещё совсем недавно считались в их среде наистрашнейшей крамолой.



Shattering a national mythology

By Ofri Ilani

Of all the national heroes who have arisen from among the Jewish people over the generations, fate has not been kind to Dahia al-Kahina, a leader of the Berbers in the Aures Mountains. Although she was a proud Jewess, few Israelis have ever heard the name of this warrior-queen who, in the seventh century C.E., united a number of Berber tribes and pushed back the Muslim army that invaded North Africa. It is possible that the reason for this is that al-Kahina was the daughter of a Berber tribe that had converted to Judaism, apparently several generations before she was born, sometime around the 6th century C.E.

According to the Tel Aviv University historian, Prof. Shlomo Sand, author of "Matai veech humtza haam hayehudi?" ("When and How the Jewish People Was Invented?"; Resling, in Hebrew), the queens tribe and other local tribes that converted to Judaism are the main sources from which Spanish Jewry sprang. This claim that the Jews of North Africa originated in indigenous tribes that became Jewish - and not in communities exiled from Jerusalem - is just one element of the far- reaching argument set forth in Sands new book.

In this work, the author attempts to prove that the Jews now living in Israel and other places in the world are not at all descendants of the ancient people who inhabited the Kingdom of Judea during the First and Second Temple period. Their origins, according to him, are in varied peoples that converted to Judaism during the course of history, in different corners of the Mediterranean Basin and the adjacent regions. Not only are the North African Jews for the most part descendants of pagans who converted to Judaism, but so are the Jews of Yemen (remnants of the Himyar Kingdom in the Arab Peninsula, who converted to Judaism in the fourth century) and the Ashkenazi Jews of Eastern Europe (refugees from the Kingdom of the Khazars, who converted in the eighth century).

Unlike other "new historians" who have tried to undermine the assumptions of Zionist historiography, Sand does not content himself with going back to 1948 or to the beginnings of Zionism, but rather goes back thousands of years. He tries to prove that the Jewish people never existed as a "nation-race" with a common origin, but rather is a colorful mix of groups that at various stages in history adopted the Jewish religion. He argues that for a number of Zionist ideologues, the mythical perception of the Jews as an ancient people led to truly racist thinking: "There were times when if anyone argued that the Jews belong to a people that has gentile origins, he would be classified as an anti-Semite on the spot. Today, if anyone dares to suggest that those who are considered Jews in the world ... have never constituted and still do not constitute a people or a nation - he is immediately condemned as a hater of Israel."

According to Sand, the description of the Jews as a wandering and self-isolating nation of exiles, "who wandered across seas and continents, reached the ends of the earth and finally, with the advent of Zionism, made a U-turn and returned en masse to their orphaned homeland," is nothing but "national mythology." Like other national movements in Europe, which sought out a splendid Golden Age, through which they invented a heroic past - for example, classical Greece or the Teutonic tribes - to prove they have existed since the beginnings of history, "so, too, the first buds of Jewish nationalism blossomed in the direction of the strong light that has its source in the mythical Kingdom of David."

So when, in fact, was the Jewish people invented, in Sands view? At a certain stage in the 19th century, intellectuals of Jewish origin in Germany, influenced by the folk character of German nationalism, took upon themselves the task of inventing a people "retrospectively," out of a thirst to create a modern Jewish people. From historian Heinrich Graetz on, Jewish historians began to draw the history of Judaism as the history of a nation that had been a kingdom, became a wandering people and ultimately turned around and went back to its birthplace.

Actually, most of your book does not deal with the invention of the Jewish people by modern Jewish nationalism, but rather with the question of where the Jews come from.

Sand: "My initial intention was to take certain kinds of modern historiographic materials and examine how they invented the figment of the Jewish people. But when I began to confront the historiographic sources, I suddenly found contradictions. And then that urged me on: I started to work, without knowing where I would end up. I took primary sources and I tried to examine authors references in the ancient period - what they wrote about conversion."

Sand, an expert on 20th-century history, has until now researched the intellectual history of modern France (in "Haintelektual, haemet vehakoah: miparashat dreyfus vead milhemet hamifrats" - "Intellectuals, Truth and Power, From the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War"; Am Oved, in Hebrew). Unusually, for a professional historian, in his new book he deals with periods that he had never researched before, usually relying on studies that present unorthodox views of the origins of the Jews.

Experts on the history of the Jewish people say you are dealing with subjects about which you have no understanding and are basing yourself on works that you cant read in the original.

"It is true that I am an historian of France and Europe, and not of the ancient period. I knew that the moment I would start dealing with early periods like these, I would be exposed to scathing criticism by historians who specialize in those areas. But I said to myself that I cant stay just with modern historiographic material without examining the facts it describes. Had I not done this myself, it would have been necessary to have waited for an entire generation. Had I continued to deal with France, perhaps I would have been given chairs at the university and provincial glory. But I decided to relinquish the glory."

Inventing the Diaspora

"After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people remained faithful to it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom" - thus states the preamble to the Israeli Declaration of Independence. This is also the quotation that opens the third chapter of Sands book, entitled "The Invention of the Diaspora." Sand argues that the Jewish peoples exile from its land never happened.

"The supreme paradigm of exile was needed in order to construct a long-range memory in which an imagined and exiled nation-race was posited as the direct continuation of the people of the Bible that preceded it," Sand explains. Under the influence of other historians who have dealt with the same issue in recent years, he argues that the exile of the Jewish people is originally a Christian myth that depicted that event as divine punishment imposed on the Jews for having rejected the Christian gospel.

"I started looking in research studies about the exile from the land - a constitutive event in Jewish history, almost like the Holocaust. But to my astonishment I discovered that it has no literature. The reason is that no one exiled the people of the country. The Romans did not exile peoples and they could not have done so even if they had wanted to. They did not have trains and trucks to deport entire populations. That kind of logistics did not exist until the 20th century. From this, in effect, the whole book was born: in the realization that Judaic society was not dispersed and was not exiled."

If the people was not exiled, are you saying that in fact the real descendants of the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Judah are the Palestinians?

"No population remains pure over a period of thousands of years. But the chances that the Palestinians are descendants of the ancient Judaic people are much greater than the chances that you or I are its descendents. The first Zionists, up until the Arab Revolt [1936-9], knew that there had been no exiling, and that the Palestinians were descended from the inhabitants of the land. They knew that farmers dont leave until they are expelled. Even Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, the second president of the State of Israel, wrote in 1929 that, the vast majority of the peasant farmers do not have their origins in the Arab conquerors, but rather, before then, in the Jewish farmers who were numerous and a majority in the building of the land."

And how did millions of Jews appear around the Mediterranean Sea?

"The people did not spread, but the Jewish religion spread. Judaism was a converting religion. Contrary to popular opinion, in early Judaism there was a great thirst to convert others. The Hasmoneans were the first to begin to produce large numbers of Jews through mass conversion, under the influence of Hellenism. The conversions between the Hasmonean Revolt and Bar Kochbas rebellion are what prepared the ground for the subsequent, wide-spread dissemination of Christianity. After the victory of Christianity in the fourth century, the momentum of conversion was stopped in the Christian world, and there was a steep drop in the number of Jews. Presumably many of the Jews who appeared around the Mediterranean became Christians. But then Judaism started to permeate other regions - pagan regions, for example, such as Yemen and North Africa. Had Judaism not continued to advance at that stage and had it not continued to convert people in the pagan world, we would have remained a completely marginal religion, if we survived at all."

How did you come to the conclusion that the Jews of North Africa were originally Berbers who converted?

"I asked myself how such large Jewish communities appeared in Spain. And then I saw that Tariq ibn Ziyad, the supreme commander of the Muslims who conquered Spain, was a Berber, and most of his soldiers were Berbers. Dahia al-Kahinas Jewish Berber kingdom had been defeated only 15 years earlier. And the truth is there are a number of Christian sources that say many of the conquerors of Spain were Jewish converts. The deep-rooted source of the large Jewish community in Spain was those Berber soldiers who converted to Judaism."

Sand argues that the most crucial demographic addition to the Jewish population of the world came in the wake of the conversion of the kingdom of Khazaria - a huge empire that arose in the Middle Ages on the steppes along the Volga River, which at its height ruled over an area that stretched from the Georgia of today to Kiev. In the eighth century, the kings of the Khazars adopted the Jewish religion and made Hebrew the written language of the kingdom. From the 10th century the kingdom weakened; in the 13th century is was utterly defeated by Mongol invaders, and the fate of its Jewish inhabitants remains unclear.

Sand revives the hypothesis, which was already suggested by historians in the 19th and 20th centuries, according to which the Judaized Khazars constituted the main origins of the Jewish communities in Eastern Europe.

"At the beginning of the 20th century there is a tremendous concentration of Jews in Eastern Europe - three million Jews in Poland alone," he says. "The Zionist historiography claims that their origins are in the earlier Jewish community in Germany, but they do not succeed in explaining how a small number of Jews who came from Mainz and Worms could have founded the Yiddish people of Eastern Europe. The Jews of Eastern Europe are a mixture of Khazars and Slavs who were pushed eastward."

Degree of perversion

If the Jews of Eastern Europe did not come from Germany, why did they speak Yiddish, which is a Germanic language?

"The Jews were a class of people dependent on the German bourgeoisie in the East, and thus they adopted German words. Here I base myself on the research of linguist Paul Wechsler of Tel Aviv University, who has demonstrated that there is no etymological connection between the German Jewish language of the Middle Ages and Yiddish. As far back as 1828, the Ribal (Rabbi Isaac Ber Levinson) said that the ancient language of the Jews was not Yiddish. Even Ben Zion Dinur, the father of Israeli historiography, was not hesitant about describing the Khazars as the origin of the Jews in Eastern Europe, and describes Khazaria as the mother of the diasporas in Eastern Europe. But more or less since 1967, anyone who talks about the Khazars as the ancestors of the Jews of Eastern Europe is considered naive and moonstruck."

Why do you think the idea of the Khazar origins is so threatening?

"It is clear that the fear is of an undermining of the historic right to the land. The revelation that the Jews are not from Judea would ostensibly knock the legitimacy for our being here out from under us. Since the beginning of the period of decolonization, settlers have no longer been able to say simply: We came, we won and now we are here the way the Americans, the whites in South Africa and the Australians said. There is a very deep fear that doubt will be cast on our right to exist."

Is there no justification for this fear?

"No. I dont think that the historical myth of the exile and the wanderings is the source of the legitimization for me being here, and therefore I dont mind believing that I am Khazar in my origins. I am not afraid of the undermining of our existence, because I think that the character of the State of Israel undermines it in a much more serious way. What would constitute the basis for our existence here is not mythological historical right, but rather would be for us to start to establish an open society here of all Israeli citizens."

In effect you are saying that there is no such thing as a Jewish people.

"I dont recognize an international people. I recognize the Yiddish people that existed in Eastern Europe, which though it is not a nation can be seen as a Yiddishist civilization with a modern popular culture. I think that Jewish nationalism grew up in the context of this Yiddish people. I also recognize the existence of an Israeli people, and do not deny its right to sovereignty. But Zionism and also Arab nationalism over the years are not prepared to recognize it.

"From the perspective of Zionism, this country does not belong to its citizens, but rather to the Jewish people. I recognize one definition of a nation: a group of people that wants to live in sovereignty over itself. But most of the Jews in the world have no desire to live in the State of Israel, even though nothing is preventing them from doing so. Therefore, they cannot be seen as a nation."

What is so dangerous about Jews imagining that they belong to one people? Why is this bad?

"In the Israeli discourse about roots there is a degree of perversion. This is an ethnocentric, biological, genetic discourse. But Israel has no existence as a Jewish state: If Israel does not develop and become an open, multicultural society we will have a Kosovo in the Galilee. The consciousness concerning the right to this place must be more flexible and varied, and if I have contributed with my book to the likelihood that I and my children will be able to live with the others here in this country in a more egalitarian situation - I will have done my bit.

"We must begin to work hard to transform our place into an Israeli republic where ethnic origin, as well as faith, will not be relevant in the eyes of the law. Anyone who is acquainted with the young elites of the Israeli Arab community can see that they will not agree to live in a country that declares it is not theirs. If I were a Palestinian I would rebel against a state like that, but even as an Israeli I am rebelling against it."

The question is whether for those conclusions you had to go as far as the Kingdom of the Khazars.

"I am not hiding the fact that it is very distressing for me to live in a society in which the nationalist principles that guide it are dangerous, and that this distress has served as a motive in my work. I am a citizen of this country, but I am also a historian and as a historian it is my duty to write history and examine texts. This is what I have done."

If the myth of Zionism is one of the Jewish people that returned to its land from exile, what will be the myth of the country you envision?

"To my mind, a myth about the future is better than introverted mythologies of the past. For the Americans, and today for the Europeans as well, what justifies the existence of the nation is a future promise of an open, progressive and prosperous society. The Israeli materials do exist, but it is necessary to add, for example, pan-Israeli holidays. To decrease the number of memorial days a bit and to add days that are dedicated to the future. But also, for example, to add an hour in memory of the Nakba [literally, the "catastrophe" - the Palestinian term for what happened when Israel was established], between Memorial Day and Independence Day."

Кажется я ухожу из дома....
Весело,блин...
Если что я на мобильном=)

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У меня кончился кофе. Хватило только на две кружки.
У меня отключли горячую воду. Хорошо, что у меня есть нагреватель и я не парюсь по этому поводу.
У меня опять повышенное давление (твою мать, нахрена отец купил этот автоматический измеритель - мерить давление после каждой кружки кофе...).
С самого утра у меня наизлейшее настроение, точнее с самого вчерашнего вечера.
Я до сих пор болею, и, блин, это ж какое богатырское здоровье надо иметь, чтобы ТАК кашлять?
Короче будет в этой жизни что-нибудь хорошее??

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ТовариСчи! Вот пытаюсь я разглядеть на солнце черную точку!
Даже очки надела, супер темные, все равно ни фига не вижу.
Может у меня конечно эта черная точка с цветом очков сливается...
Или я просто от жизни отстала. Или я не одна такая???

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Венера на солнце... Ага. Кстати. Еще раз по поводу затмения.
Вместо большой черной точки, у меня солнце закрыло большой черной тучей.
Это так и должно быть по сценарию? Или просто какая-то самодеятельность?

P.S. Купила кофе. Настроение улучшилось. Намного=)

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Приехала в НЛ. Села за машинку.
Слышу рядышком неразборчивые звуки. Оборачиваюсь: друг, которого сто лет не видела. И тут кааак началось...поцелуйчики...обнималки...крики на весь клуб...
Эхъ...ХАРАШО!!!
Суперски просто, так рада!!!!

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Кстати, а лето будет?
Или после фильма "Послезавтра" нужно и такой погоде радоваться???

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Настроила ночью гитару, написала четыре песни. Надо срочно расстраивать, а то опять креатив попрет, а песни сейчас просто какие-то грустные получаются.
Ну совсем такие грустные...Да и родители, наверное, против, того, чтобы по ночам мои завывания слушать=)))

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Мне не безразлично, что с тобой и как ты. Мне не удастся забыть все, что было.
Я не хочу этого. Но ты не оставляешь мне другого выбора.
По-прежнему ничего уже не будет. Даже, если мы будем вдвоем справляться с этим.
Просто в мире появился еще один волк-одиночка. И мне придется учится жить заново.
Без тебя. Без чувств. Без аномалий.
Видит Бог, я не этого хотела.

Ты меня все равно не читаешь. Но если прочтешь - пойми правильно.

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Одиночество - это самое лучшее, что придумало человечество???

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Я вот сижу и даже не знаю о чем писать.Не хочу писать о себе, надоело. Да и никому на самом деле это все неинтересно. О друзьях? Так они и сами о себе могут рассказать, написать...О том, что жизнь дерьмо? Неправда. Многим сейчас гораздо хуже чем мне.Намного хуже. О том, что все супер и я счастлива.Так это неправда, а если честно - откровенная ложь. Не все супер и нет еще того счастья, которого хотелось бы иметь.
Креатива нет. Он ненадолго умер. Может и в ближайшее время оживет, а может и нет. Время покажет.
Свободу дали, а как пользоваться не объяснили. Вот и сижу я, тупо смотрю ей в пустые глаза, да и разговаривать с ней не чем. Совсем не о чем.Она все равно молчит.До следующего понедельника еще целая, огромная неделя. Раньше мне бы это показалось смешным: пролетит и не заметишь.А сейчас каждая минута тянется, как будто вечность. И чем себя в этой вечности занять - не представляю даже. Да впрочем и какая кому разница...
С нетерпением жду завтрашнего собеседования. Если все удасться - то я головой зароюсь в работу, может этим и буду спасаться.

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Было время, когда я увлекалась нумизматикой. Не то чтобы очень серьезно, но и не совсем как новичок. Во всяком случает отличить действительно дорогую монету от ничего не стоящей. Но речь на самом деле не об этом сейчас пойдет.
В нумизматике обычно ценятся монеты именно той страны, в которой ты живешь. Но мне нравились не только монеты своей родины, но я еще и интересовалась деньгами и других стран (видиммо отсюда моя любовь к валюте)...
Так вот в одном их нумизматических каталогов, я в свое время наткнулась на брактеат Яксы из Копаницы. Это старинная серебрянная монета. Ее чеканили на тонком серебрянном кружке лишь с одной стороны, так что рисунок получался на аверсе выпуклый, а на реверсе вогнутый. Больше всего эта монета была распространена в странах Центаральной Европы - Германии, Чехии и Венгрии в XII веке.
Но в тот момент меня заинетересовало совершенно другое и этот вопрос остается актуальным и по сей день: брактеат - монета из серебра, но само слово "брактеат" по происхождению латинское, и в переводе с латинского (bractea) - это не серебро, а медь. И кто мне может объяснить, как это понимать?=)
Хотя вопрос, наверное, из серии: в чем смысл жизни или куда ушла Сохо?

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